The seven principles, shown on a rotating model of the brain

01Assessment literacy
01

Assessment literacy

Before students write, we show them exactly what the examiner gives marks for. Every piece of writing after that is aimed at a target they have actually seen.

02Retrieval practice
02

Retrieval practice

We pick the activity that fits what the student needs to remember. After finishing a text, they answer questions on it with the book closed. Before writing, they answer questions on the mark scheme. They draft without looking at their notes. Each of these brings the learning back from memory. Work done with the notes open builds skill, but it is not recall.

03Deliberate practice
03

Deliberate practice

Writing is broken into its parts, and each part is practised and marked on its own. Not one vague grade for a whole essay — a separate mark for each element of it.

04Formative feedback
04

Formative feedback

The student marks their own work first, part by part, against the examiner’s criteria. They tell us the mark each part has earned, and point to the words in their answer that earn it. We work through that judgement with them, and where we see it differently we show them why. They decide what to improve, and then they improve it.

05Spaced practice
05

Spaced practice

Once a student has shown progress on a topic, we move them to a new topic and a new text. They circle through all of their texts and come back to the one they started with later, taking it further than they left it. Their best-graded pieces are kept for revision nearer the exam.

06Interleaving and comparison
06

Interleaving and comparison

A student keeps one main text, for example A Christmas Carol. While they work on it, we bring back a text they studied earlier, such as An Inspector Calls. Both ask how wealthy people treat people who have nothing. The student explains what is similar and what is different. Holding two texts together like this, rather than taking them one at a time, is what interleaving means. The comparison is what makes it work.

07Metacognition
07

Metacognition

Students learn to judge their own writing against the criteria before anyone else does — so they can see the difference between good and nearly-good in their own work.

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